Git 常用命令

# Git 常用命令

命令名称	作用
git config --global user.name 用户名	设置用户签名
git config --global user.email	设置用户签名
git init	初始化本地库
git status	查看本地库状态
git add 文件名	添加到缓存区
git commit -m"日志信息" 文件名	提交到本地库
git reflog	查看历史记录
reset --hard 版本号	版本穿梭

# 设置用户签名

基本语法

git config --global user.name 用户名

git config --global user.email 邮箱

案例实操

全局范围的签名设置：

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space
$ git config --global user.name xustudyxu

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space
$ git config --global user.eamil 1812903531@qq.com

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space
$ cat ~/.gitconfig
[user]
        email = 1812903531@qq.com
        name = xustudyxu

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提示

签名的作用是区分不同操作者身份。用户的签名信息在每一个版本的提交信息中能够看到，以此确认本次提交是谁做的。Git 首次安装必须设置一下用户签名，否则无法提交代码。

这里设置用户签名和将来登录 GitHub（或其他代码托管中心）的账号没有任何关系。

# 初始化本地库

基本语法

git init

案例实操

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space
$ git init
Initialized empty Git repository in D:/git-Space/.git/

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ ll -a
total 20
drwxr-xr-x 1 DELL 197121 0  1月 26 16:13 ./
drwxr-xr-x 1 DELL 197121 0  1月 26 16:08 ../
drwxr-xr-x 1 DELL 197121 0  1月 26 16:13 .git/

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结果查看

# 查看本地库状态

基本语法

git status

案例实操

# 首次查看(工作区没有任何文件)

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

nothing to commit (create/copy files and use "git add" to track)

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# 新增文件(hello.txt)

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ vim hello.txt

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ cat hello.txt
hello git!

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# 再次查看（检测到未追踪的文件）

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Untracked files:
  (use "git add <file>..." to include in what will be committed)
        hello.txt

nothing added to commit but untracked files present (use "git add" to track)

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# 添加暂存区

# 将工作区的文件添加到暂存区

基本语法

git add 文件名

案例实操

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

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# 查看状态（检测到暂存区有新文件）

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master

No commits yet

Changes to be committed:
  (use "git rm --cached <file>..." to unstage)
        new file:   hello.txt

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# 提交到本地库

# 将暂存区的文件提交到本地库

基本语法

git commit -m "日志信息" 文件名

案例实操

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git commit -m"my first commit" hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory
[master (root-commit) dca1cdc] my first commit
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+)
 create mode 100644 hello.txt

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# 查看状态（没有文件需要提交）

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

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# 修改文件(hello.txt)

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ vim hello.txt

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ cat hello.txt
hello git! hi

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# 查看状态（检测到工作区有文件被修改）

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master
Changes not staged for commit:
  (use "git add <file>..." to update what will be committed)
  (use "git restore <file>..." to discard changes in working directory)
        modified:   hello.txt

no changes added to commit (use "git add" and/or "git commit -a")

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# 将修改的文件再次添加暂存区

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git add hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory

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# 将暂存区的文件再次提交到本地库

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git commit -m"my second commit" hello.txt
warning: LF will be replaced by CRLF in hello.txt.
The file will have its original line endings in your working directory
[master 0765edd] my second commit
 1 file changed, 1 insertion(+), 1 deletion(-)

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# 查看状态

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git status
On branch master
nothing to commit, working tree clean

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# 历史版本

# 查看历史版本

基本语法

git reflog 查看版本信息

git log 查看版本详细信息

案例实操

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git reflog
0765edd (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my second commit
dca1cdc HEAD@{1}: commit (initial): my first commit

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DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git log
commit 0765eddb29d5ef8184ecb161d339398bb2ec8dff (HEAD -> master)
Author: xustudyxu <1812903531@qq.com>
Date:   Wed Jan 26 18:54:55 2022 +0800

    my second commit

commit dca1cdc5f1360eb7fff3d0269368664a49f21898
Author: xustudyxu <1812903531@qq.com>
Date:   Wed Jan 26 17:54:37 2022 +0800

    my first commit

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# 版本穿梭

基本语法

git reset --hard 版本号

案例实操

查看hello.txt内容

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ cat hello.txt
hello git! hi

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首先查看当前的历史记录，可以看到当前是在 0765edd 这个版本

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git reflog
0765edd (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: commit: my second commit
dca1cdc HEAD@{1}: commit (initial): my first commit

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切换到 dca1cdc版本，也就是我们第一次提交的版本

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git reset --hard dca1cdc
HEAD is now at dca1cdc my first commit

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切换完毕之后再查看历史记录，当前成功切换到了dca1cdc版本

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ git reflog
dca1cdc (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{0}: reset: moving to dca1cdc
0765edd HEAD@{1}: commit: my second commit
dca1cdc (HEAD -> master) HEAD@{2}: commit (initial): my first commit

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然后查看文件 hello.txt，发现文件内容跟第一次提交完全一致!

DELL@FRXcomputer MINGW64 /d/git-Space (master)
$ cat hello.txt
hello git!

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Git 切换版本，底层其实是移动的 HEAD 指针，具体原理如下图所示。

#Git

上次更新: 2024/04/21, 09:42:22

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